[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”1px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”1px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”3px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” border_width_top=”0.5px” border_color_top=”#505358″ border_width_bottom=”0.5px” border_color_bottom=”#505358″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”10px||10px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_button button_url=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjMzIn19@” button_text=”Back to Projects” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _dynamic_attributes=”button_url” _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”12px” button_text_color=”#000000″ button_bg_color=”#FFFFFF” button_border_width=”0px” button_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” button_icon=”#||divi||400″ button_icon_color=”#89bbe5″ button_icon_placement=”left” button_on_hover=”off” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_text_color__hover=”#89bbe5″ button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop” button_bg_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_bg_enable_color__hover=”on”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”80px||80px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”80px||80px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”40px||80px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_post_title title=”off” author=”off” date=”off” comments=”off” featured_image=”off” module_id=”meta-new” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” title_text_color=”#000000″ title_font_size=”64px” title_line_height=”70px” meta_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” meta_text_color=”RGBA(255,255,255,0)” meta_font_size=”10px” meta_line_height=”16px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||20px||false|false” custom_css_post_meta=”text-transform: uppercase;” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_post_title author=”off” date_format=”j \u00b7 M \u00b7 Y” comments=”off” featured_image=”off” _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” title_text_color=”#000000″ title_font_size=”64px” title_line_height=”70px” meta_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” meta_text_color=”#000000″ meta_font_size=”14px” meta_line_height=”24px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” title_font_size_tablet=”” title_font_size_phone=”42px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” title_line_height_tablet=”” title_line_height_phone=”48px” title_line_height_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_css_post_meta=”text-transform: uppercase;” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”20px” text_line_height=”24px” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.dcberne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/image-1.png” title_text=”Newsletter for Website (6)” _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/www.dcberne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/Newsletter-for-Website-6.jpg” height=”300px” custom_margin=”64px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”” custom_margin_phone=”48px||||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||40px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||40px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_5,2_5″ module_id=”post-content” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
Menstrual Cycle Study<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n
The Menstrual Cycle Study was conducted in collaboration between Tidepool and the Diabetes Center Berne (DCB). The retrospective decentralized study analysed real-world data donated by 77 menstruating adults with type 1 diabetes using automated insulin delivery systems.<\/p>\n
In total, the dataset covered 380 menstrual cycles and 10,107 days of data from continuous glucose monitoring, insulin delivery, carbohydrate intake and menstrual cycle tracking.<\/p>\n
The findings have been published in Diabetes Care<\/em>, a journal of the American Diabetes Association.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”50px|50px|50px|50px|true|true” custom_padding_phone=”||40px|0px|false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”off|tablet” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover_enabled=”off|desktop” sticky_enabled=”0″ background_color=”#f6f7f9″][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/www.dcberne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/Screenshot-2026-10-05-164557.png” title_text=”Screenshot 2026-10-05 164557″ show_bottom_space=”off” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”||8px||false|false” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ width=”70%” align=”center”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”3_5,2_5″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”3_5″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” locked=”off” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The study investigated how insulin needs, glycemic outcomes and insulin sensitivity vary across menstrual cycle phases. Cycle phase-specific variation in insulin sensitivity was estimated using a hierarchical Bayesian state-space model.<\/p>\n The results show systematic phase-dependent variation in insulin requirements, carbohydrate intake, glycemic outcomes and model-derived insulin sensitivity.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”2_5″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_number_counter title=”\tmenstruating adults with type 1 diabetes included in the analysis” number=”77″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” theme_builder_area=”post_content” percent_sign=”off” text_orientation=”left” number_font=”|700|||||||” number_font_size=”40px” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”display: flex;||align-items: center;” custom_css_percent=”margin-bottom: 0;||margin-right: 20px;||flex-shrink: 0;||width: 180px;||text-align: left;” custom_css_number_counter_title=”margin: 0;||text-align: left;” number_text_color=”#505358″ custom_margin=”||0px|||”][\/et_pb_number_counter][et_pb_number_counter title=”\tmenstrual cycles covered by the real-world dataset” number=”380″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” theme_builder_area=”post_content” percent_sign=”off” text_orientation=”left” number_font=”|700|||||||” number_font_size=”40px” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”display: flex;||align-items: center;” custom_css_percent=”margin-bottom: 0;||margin-right: 20px;||flex-shrink: 0;||width: 180px;||text-align: left;” custom_css_number_counter_title=”margin: 0;||text-align: left;” number_text_color=”#505358″ custom_margin=”||0px|||”][\/et_pb_number_counter][et_pb_number_counter title=”\tdays of data from CGM, insulin delivery, carbohydrate intake and cycle tracking” number=”10,107″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” theme_builder_area=”post_content” percent_sign=”off” text_orientation=”left” number_font=”|700|||||||” number_font_size=”40px” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”display: flex;||align-items: center;” custom_css_percent=”margin-bottom: 0;||margin-right: 20px;||flex-shrink: 0;||width: 180px;||text-align: left;” custom_css_number_counter_title=”margin: 0;||text-align: left;” number_text_color=”#505358″ custom_margin=”||0px|||”][\/et_pb_number_counter][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”||3px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”4_4″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” locked=”off” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_3,1_3,1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” background_color=”rgba(225,227,232,0.25)” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”50px|40px|50px|40px|false|false”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”min-height:350px;”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”15px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_margin=”||7px|||”]<\/p>\n PARTICIPANTS AND DATA<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”22px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”||0px|||” custom_margin=”||15px|||”]<\/p>\n 77 adults, 380 cycles<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Real-world AID, CGM, insulin delivery, carbohydrate intake and menstrual cycle tracking data.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”min-height:350px;”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”15px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_margin=”||7px|||”]<\/p>\n CYCLE PHASES<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”22px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”||0px|||” custom_margin=”||15px|||”]<\/p>\n Early follicular phase (period) to midluteal phase<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n The analysis compared phase-specific patterns across the menstrual cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” background_color=”#FFFFFF” custom_padding=”30px|30px|30px|30px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_css_main_element=”min-height:350px;”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”15px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|desktop” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_margin=”||7px|||”]<\/p>\n MAIN SIGNAL<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”22px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”||0px|||” custom_margin=”||15px|||”]<\/p>\n Insulin sensitivity and glucose outcomes varied by phase<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ ul_line_height=”1.1em”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”||0px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”4_4″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”11px||21px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Early follicular phase (period)<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Model-derived estimates indicated the highest population-level insulin sensitivity in the early follicular phase, at +2.6% relative to the population average.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”11px||21px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Midluteal phase<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Total daily insulin dose and carbohydrate intake increased across the cycle and were elevated around the midluteal phase. Model-derived insulin sensitivity was lowest in the midluteal phase, at -2.6% relative to the population average.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”11px||21px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Luteal phases<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Mean glucose and time above range were higher, while time in range and time in tight range were lower during parts of the luteal phase.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_3,2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”11px||21px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Across individuals<\/strong><\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”2_3″ theme_builder_area=”post_content”][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″]<\/p>\n Most participants broadly followed the population-level trend: 84.7% showed above-average insulin sensitivity in the early follicular phase and below-average insulin sensitivity in the midluteal phase, but the magnitude varied considerably.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”||4px|||”][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_2″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”60px|60px|60px|60px|false|false” border_radii=”off|60px||60px|” background_color=”rgba(165,207,76,0.11)” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ locked=”off”]<\/p>\n The findings suggest that menstrual cycle-related physiology remains relevant for glycemic regulation, even in people using automated insulin delivery systems.<\/p>\n They also suggest that current automated insulin delivery systems do not fully compensate for menstrual cycle-related fluctuations in insulin needs and glycemic outcomes.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” type=”1_2″ theme_builder_area=”post_content” custom_padding=”60px|60px|60px|60px|false|false” border_radii=”off|60px||60px|” global_colors_info=”{}” hover_enabled=”0″ sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” theme_builder_area=”post_content” sticky_enabled=”0″ locked=”off”]<\/p>\n The study does not provide individual treatment recommendations and does not suggest that menstrual cycle effects are the same for everyone. As an observational study, it identifies patterns and variability, but causal conclusions remain limited.<\/p>\n Building on this work, the TIMES study is designed to determine cycle phases more precisely using ovulation tests and to capture additional factors that may influence insulin sensitivity.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″ custom_padding=”0px||0px|||”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”rgba(225,227,232,0.25)” custom_padding=”60px|20%|60px|50px|false|false” hover_enabled=”0″ global_colors_info=”{}” border_radii=”off|60px||60px|” sticky_enabled=”0″][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Hossmann S, Friedman M, Lizoain A, Caduff M, Braunack-Mayer V, Burlando L, Lal RA, Cengiz E, Braune K, Reger-Tan S, Knopf A-C, Zueger T, Khan-Gallo S, Rothenbuehler M, et al.<\/strong><\/p>\n Effects of menstrual cycle on insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes: an observational study of individuals using an automated insulin delivery system.<\/em><\/p>\n Diabetes Care.<\/em> 2026;49(9):1673-1680. DOI: 10.2337\/dc26-0692<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc26-0692″ button_text=”Read the publication” button_alignment=”left” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”18px” button_text_color=”#89bbe5″ button_border_width=”1px” button_border_color=”#89bbe5″ button_border_radius=”100px” button_font=”Calibro Bold||||||||” button_use_icon=”off” custom_margin=”21px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px|64px|8px|64px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”10px|64px|8px|64px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|43px||43px|false|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” button_text_size_phone=”18px” button_text_size_last_edited=”off|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_bg_color__hover=”#89bbe5″ button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”3_5,2_5″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”3_5″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”30px” text_line_height=”36px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||16px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text ul_item_indent=”20px” ol_item_indent=”20px” module_id=”post-body” _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#505358″ text_font_size=”18px” text_line_height=”24px” link_font=”||||on|||#89BBE5|” link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ min_height=”67px” custom_margin=”0px||0px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Building on these findings, DCB is continuing this line of research through the TIMES study, which investigates how insulin requirements change across the menstrual cycle in women with type 1 diabetes.<\/p>\n TIMES will help define cycle phases more precisely through ovulation testing and collect additional contextual information that may influence insulin sensitivity, supporting a more detailed understanding of individual variability.<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=”https:\/\/www.dcberne.com\/en\/times-study\/” button_text=”Learn more about the TIMES study” button_alignment=”left” _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”18px” button_text_color=”#89bbe5″ button_border_width=”1px” button_border_color=”#89bbe5″ button_border_radius=”100px” button_font=”Calibro Bold||||||||” button_use_icon=”off” custom_margin=”21px||0px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px|64px|8px|64px|false|false” custom_padding_tablet=”10px|64px|8px|64px|false|false” custom_padding_phone=”|43px||43px|false|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” button_text_size_phone=”18px” button_text_size_last_edited=”off|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_text_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” button_text_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” button_bg_color__hover=”#89bbe5″ button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover”][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”2_5″ _builder_version=”4.27.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”Avant Regular||||||||” text_text_color=”#000000″ text_font_size=”20px” text_line_height=”26px” custom_margin=”0px||16px||false|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}”]<\/p>\n Contact<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_text][et_pb_blurb title=”Menstrual Cycle Study Team” url_new_window=”on” icon_placement=”left” image_icon_width=”22px” module_id=”media-blurb” _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” header_text_color=”#000000″ header_font_size=”14px” header_line_height=”20px” body_font=”Calibri Regular||||||||” body_text_color=”#505358″ body_font_size=”12px” body_line_height=”18px” body_link_text_color=”#89BBE5″ image_icon_custom_margin=”4px|0px|0px|0px|false|false” image_icon_custom_padding=”4px|4px|4px|4px|false|false” custom_margin=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”0px||80px||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”||48px||false|false” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|phone” custom_padding=”28px|16px|28px|16px|false|false” custom_css_blurb_image=”position: absolute;||right: 0px;” custom_css_blurb_title=”padding: 0px;||margin: 0px 0px 0px 0px;” custom_css_blurb_content=”padding: 0px;||margin: 0px 0px 0px -10px;” border_width_all=”0.5px” border_color_all=”#505358″ border_radii_image=”on|100px|100px|100px|100px” border_width_all_image=”1px” border_color_all_image=”#89bbe5″ global_colors_info=”{}” icon_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” icon_color__hover=”#FFFFFF” image_icon_background_color__hover_enabled=”on|hover” image_icon_background_color__hover=”#89BBE5″]<\/p>\nStudy results<\/h2>\n
Visual abstract<\/h2>\n
\n
Key findings<\/h2>\n
Why this matters<\/h2>\n
What the study does not show<\/h2>\n
Publication<\/h2>\n
Building on this research: the TIMES study<\/h2>\n